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Start by reading Citizenship and Immigration Canada's web site for requirements for applying for permanent residency and/or a study permit. Canada has some serious immigration requirements and most Americans would find it hard to qualify -- especially at 18 when you have no money, skills, work experience, etc. The process can also take many years.
Universities and colleges in Canada are publically funded and seating goes first to Canadian citizens. Most large universities set aside only a small number of seats -- depending upon the program -- for international students. These also pay international student tuition rates (approximately as expensive as in the United States, say $25,000 per 8 months of studies, plus living costs). Each university will have its own admission requirements and you'd need to apply to each.
I would start with Wiki for information about the Canadian government. Question is too broad to answer in a Yahoo answers reply. Economy is similiar to the US although Canada avoided most of the housing bust due to banking regulations. It's banks never needed bailouts, housing remained stable, and the economy didn't tank as badly as in the US. The federal goverment's budget is also fairly close to being balanced. Unemployment rate is at 7.8% vs. 9.2% for the US. Taxes are higher, but health care pretty much evens that out.
People is also too broad to answer. Honestly, there isn't that much of a difference between Americans and Canadians in most respects. Public transportation varies by city, but in general most Canadian cities invest in public transportation better than US most US cities.
Most of Canada is not terribly diverse. Caucasions make up 75%+ of the population. However, visible minorities are common any major city and (in general) Canada doesn't have the history of racism or serious racial problems which the United States has.
You can be poor and homeless in Canada. Most major cities will have some poor. However, most have serious drug, alcohol, or mental health issues -- rather than just being unemployed. There are shelters, food banks, community housing, etc. Canada does have a better social safety net in terms of health care, unemployment insurance, worker's compensation, welfare, retraining programs, etc. Wages, including minimum wages, also tend to be higher.
Toronto is the largest city in Canada. About five to six million people. It's definitely the most ethnically diverse city in Canada. It is also the financial capital of the country.
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