Best Answer:
It depends on a few factors - whether you are killed by the immediate effects of the blast (electromagnetic burst), or the shock wave generated by the blast. Also, the distance from the blast and your location (inside, outside, basement, attic) also play a factor.
For a fifty megaton blast, everything out to about one half kilometer is pretty much vaporized instantly by the blast. Everything within two kilometers is set on fire instantly - including human flesh. If you're at ground zero, death is instant - you vaporize, you never even see the flash. If you're far enough out to not die instantly, you burn to death (at least until the pressure wave hits). From three to five kilometers are second degree burns (painful, blisters, but no burning flesh), and farther out are minor burns and sunburn.
The pressure wave is the real killer. If you're not caught outside and burning to death, you may be killed by the shockwave generated by the high heat of the explosion. Out to about two kilometers, there is 99% casualty rate - you *may* survive if you're in a basement, a bank vault, someplace out of the way and underground, but you will most likely die from the simple shock of the air, or, that failing, the debris. From two to four kilometers is the 75% casualty zone, where pretty much all but the strongest buildings are blown apart. You'll be picked up and thrown into a wall, the building will collapse around you, that sort of thing. If you're on the ground floor, or in a basement, you have a better chance of survival. Farther out your chances improve - the shockwave diminishes, less debris hits you, overall better time.
In short, there are four ways to die in a nuclear blast:
1. Instant death by vaporization or being crushed by a ground-zero pressure wave. No pain at all, most likely (who knows what we feel in the split-second before vaporization?)
2. Agonizing death by flames or pressure at mid-close range, where the explosion is enough to kill you, but not instantly. Worst place to be - you'll die, but it'll take a good couple minutes of agony.
3. Slow death by serious injuries sustained at the outer edges of the blast. Painful, but more like a normal natural disaster than a nuke.
4. Slow death by radiation sickness, leukemia, or other types of cancers after radiation from the blast kicks your DNA's ***.
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