The dependent variables are those measurements or characteristics that change when other variables are changed. Dependent variables are limited by each other. In this experiment you are told that the height your ball bounces is dependent upon the surface you use.
Independent variables are not changed by other variables. For example, the height your ball bounces is independent of the time of day during which you run the experiment and the surface you use is not affected by the ball you dropped.
Control variables are things that you, the experimenter, control or keep constant for each run of the experiment, such as the materials, amounts being prescribed.
It's unclear what your teacher defines an independent variable as. Not all experiments have independent variables, but they all have control and dependent variables. You can control dependent and independent variables. Experiments are made to measure dependent variables and learn to predict dependent quantities. If you find that a variable doesn't change as you change your control variables, then that variable is independent.
Sometimes sources will say that independent variables are the ones that the experimenter controls. This definition is misleading. Not all control variables are independent variables. A good experiment should try to control all the independent variables possible.
Source(s):
http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/siegle/research/Variables/variablenotes.htm, http://www.lhup.edu/sboland/independent_and_dependent_variab.htm